Monkey-pox in Sierra Leone: Understanding the Threat and Building Resilience

By: Alphina Johnson

Sierra Leone, a country with a recent history marked by devastating health crises, is currently grappling with a new challenge: an ongoing outbreak of Monkeypox (MPX).

Nationwide virus outbreak prompts urgent public health response

As of May 14, 2025, the country has reported a total of 2,204 confirmed cases, with 1,782 active infections. While the situation remains critical, understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies can help communities stay informed and resilient.

The Roots and Causes of Monkeypox

Monkeypox is a zoonotic virus, meaning it is primarily transmitted from animals to humans. The virus belongs to the same family as smallpox but is generally less severe. In Sierra Leone, the outbreak is believed to have originated from contact with infected wildlife—such as rodents or primates—common in rural and forested areas. Close contact with infected persons, community gatherings, or contaminated materials can facilitate human-to-human transmission.

Recognizing the symptoms

Monkey-pox presents early signs that often resemble other common illnesses, making awareness crucial. Typical symptoms include:

- Fever

- Headache

- Muscle aches and fatigue

- Swollen lymph nodes

- Malaise

- A characteristic rash that progresses from raised bumps to pustules and scabs

Many patients recover on their own, but severe cases can occur, especially among vulnerable populations such as children and those with weakened immune systems.

Prevention: Staying Safe in the Face of Outbreaks

Effective prevention measures are vital to curbing the spread:

- Avoid contact with wild animals: Especially in areas where cases have been reported.

- Maintain good hygiene: Regular handwashing with soap and water.

- Use protective clothing: When handling potentially infected animals or individuals.

-Avoid close contact with infected persons. Do not share personal items or engage in unprotected close contact.

- Environmental sanitation:Disinfect contaminated surfaces and materials.

The government, in partnership with health organizations, is advocating community awareness and vaccination campaigns where available.

Lessons from the past: Ebola and COVID-19

Sierra Leone’s recent encounters with Ebola (2014–2016) and COVID-19 (2020–2023) have left indelible marks on the nation's health system. The Ebola outbreak claimed over 4,000 lives and exposed glaring weaknesses in healthcare infrastructure, community outreach, and disease surveillance. It heightened public awareness about infectious diseases but also caused fear and stigma.

Similarly, COVID-19 tested the resilience of Sierra Leone’s health services, highlighting the importance of rapid response, community engagement, and vaccination drives. These experiences fostered a sense of preparedness, though challenges remain.

How these past cries have shaped our response to Monkey-pox

- Enhanced Surveillance: Prior outbreaks prompted investments in disease tracking systems, enabling quicker identification and response to Monkeypox cases.

- Community Engagement: Lessons learned in community cooperation and education are being applied to combat misinformation and stigma surrounding Monkeypox.

- Healthcare Capacity: The country has expanded its diagnostic and treatment capacities, although additional resources are needed.

Moving Forward: Building Resilience

While Sierra Leone continues to confront Monkeypox, the collective experience from Ebola and COVID-19 has strengthened the nation's foundation for managing outbreaks. Continued public education, investment in healthcare infrastructure, and international support are essential.

Communities are encouraged to stay vigilant, practice good hygiene, and cooperate with health authorities. The fight against Monkeypox is a shared responsibility—collective awareness and action can save lives and prevent further spread.

Monkeypox is a manageable disease when caught early and prevented through simple hygiene and behavioral measures. Sierra Leone’s prior health crises have imparted valuable lessons on preparedness and resilience. By working together, we can navigate this new challenge and build a healthier, safer future for all.

Stay informed. Stay safe. Protect your community.